by Ann Lieberman
Foreword
Preface
About the Author
1. Defining the Problem: The Historical Context
Schools as Transmitters of Culture
What Early 20th-Century Schools Were Like
Elementary Schools in Depression-Era New York City
Education Beyond the Classroom
Schools in the Later 20th Century: A Beginning Teacher
IQ Tests and Regents Exams
Defining and Dealing With Differences
What the Research Told Us
Proving My Point: Giving Students Choices
Using History as a Decision Base
2. Schools at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Problems and Proposed Solutions
Proposed Solution One: Defining Educational Standards
Proposed Solution Two: School Accountability
The Government Response: High-Stake Testing
High-Stakes Testing: The Other Stakeholders Respond
Proposed Solution Three: Achieveing Equity Through School Choice
Proposed Solution Four: Extending the Time for Schooling
Proposed Solution Five: Technology in the Classroom
The Research Base for Technology Use
Technology as an Assessment Tool and Manager
The Current Status of the Use of Technology in Schools
Technology for Communicating With Our Public
Some Conclusions About Technology in the Classroom
3. Taking the First Steps Toward Productive Change
Opportunism and Asset-Specific Investments
Step One: Building New Capacity
Step Two: Generating Ownership
Step Three: Assuming Leadership
Step Four: Providing Time for Learning and Change
Changing Schools in the Search for a Better Future
4. The Assessment Roadway: How Tests Tell Us What to Do
Defining Standards and Assessment
Using Rubrics in Formative and Summative Assessment
Generating Ownership of Tests
Reaching Consensus on Group Summative Scores
Matching Distal and Proximal Measures
Generating Ownership: Begin With Curriculum-Based Proximal Assessments
Preparing for the Tests: Curriculum Teaching
Proximal Measures Responding to HSSB Analyses
What Lies Beneath: Disaggregating Scores
Disaggregating for Noninstructional Differences
Relationship of Teacher Training and Experience to Student Achievement
Other Cultural and School Variables: Confronting the Achievement Gap
5. Responding to High-Stakes, Standards-Based (HSSB) Tests: Restructuring Curriculum
Two Alternative Responses to HSSB Tests
Alternative One: Starting With the HSSB Test
Assessment-Responsive Curriculum Adjustments
Starting From a Core of HSSB Tests: Applying and Responding to Analysis
Alternative Two: Starting With the Standards
Responding to Test Data With Curriculum Reconstruction
In Conclusion: Assessing Oneself
6. Building a Cohort of the Best Teachers: Recruitment, Engagement, Nurturance
Why We Need to Recruit Teachers
Where Teachers Used to Come From
Why There Is a Current Shortage: The Recruitment Pool
Why There Is a Current Shortage: Retention
Solving the Prestige Problem: Interdependent Stakeholders
Solving the Prestige Problem: Changing the Agenda of Teacher Unions
Solving the Prestige Problem: Raising Teacher Salaries
The REN Model: Recruiting Heroes
The REN Model: Educating Recruits
The REN Model: Engagement in Action
The REN Model: Engagement in Interaction
The REN Model: Nurturing Novices
Nurturing Experienced Teachers: The Need for Better Professional Development
Motivating Teachers to Participate in Professional Development
A Cooperative-Teaching Model
How I Learned: Cooperative Teaching
Professional-Development Schools: Object Linking and Embedding (OLE) Relationships
An Example: The East Ramapo and St. Thomas Aquinas College PDS
Engaging in the OLE Process
Some General Conclusions About Increasing Teachers' Capacity
7. Searching for Leadership
Understanding Leadership and Power
Direct and Indirect Messages
Leading: Giving Power and Indirect Messages
How Educational Leaders Act
A Personal Analysis From the Distributive Perspective
Shared Leadership and Power
The Power of Money, Matches, Tradition, Time, and Place
Social Interactions, Macrotasks, and Microtasks in Curriculum Leadership Roles
Social Interactions, Macrotasks, and Microtasks in the Principal Leadership Role
The Shortage of Administrators
Leadership by Teacher Networks
MCMSC Network: Sample Activities
What We Learned About Leadership Needs
Addressing Sociocultural Needs: Other Sources and Focuses of Leadership
Community-Based Leadership: Project Excel
Community-Based Leadership: Windhover Farm
Using Models to Build the Assessment Bridge
Epilogue
References
Index
